Definition of Internal Energy in Chemistry

Definition of Internal Energy in ChemistryInternal energy is defined as the fundamental forces, constants and entropy of a system. These forces can be described by the three physical forces: electromagnetism, nuclear force, and gravity. These forces are independent and exist in all objects. They work together to define the behavior of an object.The classical definition of internal energy is that energy can be transferred from one substance to another. It is not the energy itself but its interaction with some other physical object or process that determines whether a transfer occurs. In this case, it can be considered as one form of entropy. A system that is continuously exchanging energy to a new system would be referred to as a thermodynamic process.The energy change in a process can be caused by internal energy, heat, chemical change, or changes in temperature. The energy is lost when one substance absorbs the energy of another. To define the internal energy, a process must start w ith the formation of heat or chemical change before it can result in energy being released to a new system.There are three important examples of processes that produce internal energy. These include oxidation, reduction, and fusion.Oxidation is the conversion of an element to another element. It is a molecular bonding process where two atoms combine with each other. Most often the fuel used for oxidation is carbon dioxide, which is known as the human 'breath of life'.Oxidation usually occurs with the use of oxygen, hydrogen, or nitrogen to form more complex compounds. By examining the molecules, you can learn what reaction to expect with this process. Many of the compounds that are oxidized by this process contain carbon and are very common in the atmosphere. The reaction that produces oxygen is called oxygenation.The reactions that produce chemical energy can also be converted to be another chemical entity. This process, known as decomposition, creates a different chemical structur e that results in a completely different chemical entity. Carbon is the chemical product of decomposition and it is oxidized. This process is known as Carbon Compaction. When there is enough energy in the original chemical bond, it will undergo a reaction with another gas in the process.

How Can I learn to Sing

How Can I learn to Sing Different Methods for Learning to Sing ChaptersLearn to Sing with Private Singing LessonsLearn to Sing in Key Learn to Sing on Your Own Learn to Sing for Free Learn to Sing in a GroupEvery year, there are tonnes of people auditioning for The Voice and, as you know, very few make it to the finals.Would you like to compete in a singing competition but don’t know how to sing?Put the kettle on and listen to our advice on improving your singing voice with vocal training!Android. This is the most professional app on our list. You’ll almost feel like you have a real voice coach with you giving your personalised voice tutorials for your vocal range.Sing! Karaoke on iOS and Android. With over 800,000 songs available, once you’ve got your vocal techniques mastered, you can practise with your favourite songs.There are three main categories when referring to male voices: tenor, baritone, and bass (from the highest to the lowest ranges). Women’s voices are divided into soprano, mezzo-soprano, and alto.How can you learn to sing without music tutorials?You need to get the basics down first: relax your face, concentrate on your breathing, contract your abdominal muscles, relax your neck, and take care of yourself!  By being aware of all this, you’re giving yourself the best possible start. Don’t forget to rest your voice after singing, sleep well, and drink lots of water!Which tools should you use?The Songbird Tree: you can find out plenty of things about how to improve your singing. Her advice for singers includes things like: How to improve your self-confidence, how to sing with vibrato, how to warm up your voice.Of course, none of these resources will be of any use if you don’t put the work in!  Half an hour per day is good enough to improve your vocal techniques without overdoing. Learn to Sing in a GroupFar from clichés of being in a choir, being in a group is a great way to improve certain elements of your vocal technique.Singing as part of a group can help you as a musician. (Source: pixabay.c om)Where can you find a group?The advantage of groups is that you can find them all over the country from big cities to tiny villages. A quick online search will help to point you into the right direction.Why sing in a group?  What is singing in a group going to do for me?Plenty of things!Isn’t working in a group so much better than going it alone?Furthermore, you can join a lot of groups without every having sung before! You don’t need a degree in music to join!  What better way to gain some self-confidence than by being supported by a group of people rather than just one teacher?Choirs are a great way to practise singing regularly. (Source:  Blue Ox Studio)If you’re not convinced, read on!  They have to often include all types of voices and  harmonies are one of the most important aspect of a group. If you didn't know, harmonies are the simultaneous emission of several different sounds.One group of singers will sing one note while the others sing another. The soloist will th en sing something different, too.  When you’re in a group, you’ll learn to sing alongside different vocal ranges and listen to them in order to improve your own singing.You can therefore sing anything with any singer! Once you’ve mastered harmonies, you’ll have an incredible singing gift to show off.  On the other hand, you’ll be expected to sing thing that aren’t always perfectly in your range. This means that you run the risk of losing your natural vocal range or avoid working on it.Working on your voice on your own alongside working in a group is therefore the best way to go about things.In short:Learning to sing is easier with the help of a private tutor! Don’t hesitate to check a few of them out on our platform. There are plenty of superprofs waiting for you.It’s not the end of the world if you can’t sing in key! You just have to train your ear. Everyone knows that you’ll hit the odd false note but you can learn to avoid it.If you’re self-taught, there are plenty of resources online that can help you improve your voice. There are YouTube channels, programmes, apps, websites. You’re spoilt for choice when it comes to learning how to sing. Most of these resources are free! Make the most of them!Finally, joining a group is a great way to learn to sing with the help of other singers without having to take group online singing lessons!

6 Common Questions on the CARS section of the MCAT

6 Common Questions on the CARS section of the MCAT MCAT Medical School Admissions Daily, physicians face challenges to apply, analyze, and communicate scientific and medical information. The ability to communicate and analyze is a softer skill that is difficult to develop compared to the effort it takes to memorize something like the Krebs’s cycle. This vital skill set has become emphasized by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) through the production of the Critical Analysis and Reasoning Section (CARS) on the Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT). CARS is the section that most premedical students struggle with and requires the most time to build skills. Identifying question types on your exam will allow you to establish patterns of performance and test trends. Below we will discuss the six most common types of questions you will encounter on the CARS section and how to best approach them. Given Information or Retrieval Questions Given information questions are questions that draw information directly from the passage. These questions are typically straightforward and are easy points to earn for the CARS section. Often these questions can be answered from memory. However, most students tend to reference the passage to ensure the information is correct. The key to these questions is to balance confidence in your reading comprehension against the need to double-check facts. Since CARS is a section that most students struggle to finish, it is important that you minimize the time it takes to find the correct answer to a question. Be sure to spend time practicing these question types and see how your passage retrieval skills compare when answering from memory or referencing the passage. Inference Questions Inference questions are by far the most common question on the CARS section, as well as the most commonly missed question type. Inference questions require the reader to take passage information and infer or interpret tone or underlying meanings. These questions tend to be difficult for students the answer is not explicitly stated and requires deductive skills. Correct answer choices for these question types will often be consistent with the main idea of the passage. The key to these questions is to avoid strong or extreme answer choices, as well as answer choices with information that was not present in the passage. New Information Questions New information questions are typically the lengthy questions that students hate to see. These questions present additional information outside of the passage and ask the test-taker to make inferences on how to apply that information. This variant of the inference question, while less difficult, can use similar strategies as discussed above. The key to these questions is to not get bogged down in reading the information presented since timing is key on CARS. Author’s Opinion or Main Idea Questions Questions about the author’s opinion tend to hint at the tone or main idea of the passage. The key to these questions is to establish who the author is and who their audience is. Is the author an unbiased writer or do they feel strongly on the topic they are writing about? What is the author’s purpose in writing this piece? Are they aiming to persuade readers or simply inform them of the facts? These are all questions that should aid you in establishing what the author’s opinion is and more importantly identifying the correct answer. Except, Least, or Not QuestionsExcept, least, or not are modifiers that have been used to trick test takers since the invention of standardized testing. The MCAT is no different in that it poses a lengthy question and answer set in hopes that the student will forget the modifier by the end of the question. The best way to combat this mistake is to write the modifier in large, bold letters on your scratch paper. This will serve as a reminder as you work through the question. Roman Numeral questionsThis question type is ubiquitous throughout the other sections of the MCAT. Roman Numeral questions are difficult because they increase the number of answer choices available. A common approach to this question type is to look for the roman numerals that are most and least common throughout the alphabetical answer choices (A-D). If either of these roman numerals can be eliminated, it should give you a better indication of what the correct answer is. The key to these questions is to focus on the grouped alphabetical answer choices rather than the validity of the individual roman numeral answers. Another strategy to these questions is to look for answers that directly contradict each other. If two roman numeral answers are in direct opposition, they cannot both be correct and should give you at least 1-2 answers to eliminate.

Focus The New Key to Academic and Professional Success

Focus The New Key to Academic and Professional Success Improving Academic Performance I just finished listening to a great podcast episode from Dr. Scott Barry Kaufman’s Psychology Podcast (one of my favorite podcasts because it’s generally, entertaining, informative and practical as it relates to helping you better understand the world around you) about the concept of Deep Work. In this blog article, I’ll offer a very brief summary of the podcast episode (very brief, because I want you to listen to the podcast) and two key takeaways: 1) that focus is one underappreciated key to success in today's world and 2) that skill and mastery are derived from sustained, deliberate practice, not inborn talent. Quick Summary The podcast was a discussion between Dr. Kaufman, who is a professor of Psychology at the University of Pennsylvania and Cal Newport, a professor of Computer Science at Georgetown University, about Newport’s new book, Deep Work. The theme of the book is that in the new “knowledge” economy, the most successful students and professionals will be those who cultivate the ability to be highly focused so that they can think about issues on a deep level to be able to solve complex problems. Newport and Kaufman hit on many topics, including some that we talk about regularly on this blog and some that we do not. Here are a few examples: The importance of deliberate practice in building skill, and the differences between deliberate practice and deep work (though they are related) The relative importance of IQ in determining success (it’s perhaps much less important than is commonly assumed) The downside of trying to “find your passion” (few people have pre-existing passions; people end up loving what they do as a result of a complex mix of factors, and instead young people should focus on studying hard, acquiring knowledge, being curious, and building skills) First key takeaway: focus is the key to making yourself indispensable Newport argues that focus is the key to creating value in today’s economy. He points out that any task which is easily automated is ultimately going to be outsourced or performed by a computer or a machine. So, students should get comfortable with the notion of building a career in which you are solving complex problems that require you to engage with your work in a deep focused way to design unique, valuable solutions. Kaufman notes that, in his research, designing something unique and different is the definition of creativity. So, in that sense, creativity is the key to being valuable in an increasingly globalized and technology-driven world. Critically, Newport points out that you don’t have to have a very high IQ to do this, and that focus is a skill that can be cultivated. I would argue that it’s a skill you should begin to cultivate in high school and college, not only because you’ll need it in the workforce in the medium to long term but because it will lead to better grades in the near term. You can probably imagine the types of behaviors that don’t lead to deep and sustained focus: checking your email constantly, multitasking, social media usage, etc. Newport recommends some simple strategies for building your ability to focus, including trying to schedule time FOR social media, and avoiding it for the rest of the day (for example). Second key takeaway: skill and mastery come from sustained, deliberate practice (even in the hard sciences like mathematics and physics) not talent Because I’m familiar with Newport’s Study Hacks blog, I know that although he has a PhD in Computer Science from MIT and is now a professor at Georgetown University, in high school he wasn’t in the most advanced calculus class available at his school (he took AP Calculus AB, not BC. If I remember the story correctly, he didn’t even get a score of 5 on the AP Calculus AB exam). So, he didn’t really consider himself a math person. But, something clicked in college, and he realized that with practice and focus, he could become increasingly good at math. Newport himself is a good example of the importance of sustained, deliberate practice. The average person would probably agree (though note, I think they would be wrong) that by senior year of high school, the math class you’re in tells a lot about whether you’re on a path to a PhD in Computer Science. But at that point, a lot of schooling remains. That perspective assumes that talent and natural ability plays a much more important role in the process of learning math than it actually does. Sure, some minimum amount of ability/talent/IQ is necessary to get a PhD in Computer Science. But more people probably have that minimum amount than is commonly assumed. Why? Because deliberate, focused practice is more important to building math skills than most people realize. In the podcast episode, he notes that mathematics undergraduates are always somewhat amazed by how “smart” the graduate students are who teach them. Those same graduate students are always amazed at how “smart” the junior professors are with whom they interact. And, the junior professors are amazed at how “smart” the senior tenured professors are. But Newport’s point is this. Any given person at each point in the chain I just described used to be at a different point in the chain. The graduate student was at one point an undergraduate. They didn’t “get smarter.” They just kept building their skills, and were thus better equipped to solve increasingly complex problems, which made them seem more naturally gifted to those who hadn’t put in that hard work. Summary Whether you’re a high school or college student, young professional, anyone else really, it’s important to realize that focus is what leads to the ability to solve complex problems. So, instead of worrying about how “smart” you are in a given area at school or at work, worry about how focused you are on the required work in that area.

How to land a job teaching English abroad without experience [With job postings]

How to land a job teaching English abroad without experience [With job postings] There’s that old catch-22 that gets trotted out time and time again. “You can’t get a job without experience, and you can’t get experience without a job.” If you’re wondering whether it’s really possible to get hired to teach abroad without any experience, you’re not alone! In fact, that’s one of the most commonly asked questions we get at Teach Away. You’re in the right place, though, as we’re about to answer it for you. So let’s get started with the quick answer: The good news is that, even without any teaching experience, there are literally thousands upon thousands of opportunities available for fluent English speakers looking to travel and teach abroad. All you need to do is figure out where you’d most like to teach, what kind of overseas English teaching job you’re looking for and what qualifications you need to get there. Do you actually need experience to teach English abroad? Take it from me - your lack of teaching experience doesn’t make snagging a great-paying job teaching abroad an impossible feat. By any stretch of the imagination. However, there are two basic requirements to teach English abroad that you can expect most overseas employers to impose on any aspiring ESL teachers. Those are: English fluency Bachelor’s degree (any major) While it could certainly help you get a job, you don’t need to be a certified teacher or have a degree in education (or English, or linguistics for that matter) to teach English abroad. Of course, having a teaching license from your home country and/or teaching experience is always a plus when looking for jobs teaching abroad. Especially if you’re interested in teaching in the Middle East, where requirements tend to be a little more strict. Essentially, the more you have on your resume that relates to the opportunities you’re applying for, the more desirable you are to employers. But for anyone who has their sights set on teaching in Asia, Europe or South America, professional teaching experience is not the be all and end all. How about teaching abroad without certification? This really varies, but TEFL certification is becoming more and more of a basic requirement. We do advise you to do your research into the typical qualifications to teach in different countries, though. Each of these will vary from job to job and country to country, so make sure you do your research! But all in all, if you’re looking to make yourself as hireable as possible, it’s worth bearing in mind that preference tends to be given to job candidates who have some sort of ESL certification. And the most commonly recognized qualification for anyone interested in teaching English abroad in a 120-hour TEFL (Teaching English as a Foreign Language) certificate. Remember, because the application process for teaching abroad is done online, your employers won’t necessarily get to meet you in person before handing a whole classroom full of English language learners over to you. They’ll want to feel confident that they’re hiring someone they can trust to do the job and do it well. You can build this trust and show them that you’re both prepared and eager to do the job by getting TEFL certified. You’ve likely come across a variety of different TEFL certification courses, online, in person, or in the destination country of your choice. Choosing the right TEFL course can definitely be overwhelming. Been there, done that! The main takeaway is to find a TEFL course that is: Recognized by hiring schools abroad Equips you with knowledge and skills you need for the foreign classroom Of course, the opportunity to travel and experience different cultures is a fantastic one, but let’s face it, ultimately you need to be able to do what you’re being paid to do. And that’s teach! So you’ll want to find a TEFL course that is the best bang for your buck, while also preparing you for the job. Recommended reading: Why you can't teach English abroad without certification Tips for tailoring your resume when you don’t have teaching experience. Okay, so now you know that the experience needed to teach abroad varies. Can you still use the experience you do have to help you find a job overseas? The answer’s yes! What many employers are really looking for are transferable skills that will come in handy when in the classroom. Maybe you don’t have real-world classroom experience just yet, but having any kind of experience like those listed below is hugely advantageous. Stuff like: Experience working with children Experience traveling or living abroad Industry-specific experience (like IT or business English) Volunteer experience Experience in a classroom setting For example, if you’ve worked as a camp counselor or a tutor, that will give you an edge because you’ve already gained skills on how to work with children. Or if you have experience traveling or volunteering abroad, employers will feel confident that you won’t get homesick or quit halfway through your contract. And don’t forget, you’ve been a student yourself! You already have experience in the classroom and know the drill! Plus, if you have specialized knowledge that focuses on a specific industry or learning environment, like teaching business English or adult learners, be sure to emphasize that on your application. Employers are looking to see that you have skills related to the students you will be teaching and showcasing those abilities will go a long way to helping you find a great job teaching abroad. Sign up to Teach Away today for access to the latest teaching jobs around the world. International teaching jobs that don’t require experience. There are some countries or jobs that will require you to have some teaching experience or a teaching license. For example, many English teaching positions in Abu Dhabi or Dubai require both. However, there are lots of places, like Japan, Thailand, Costa Rica, Spain or France, that will happily hire someone without any prior experience. As long as they’re TEFL certified and from an English-speaking country, that is. If you’ve got your TEFL and degree in tow, it’s also easy to teach English somewhere like China without any previous teaching experience. Watch this video: Requirements for teaching English in China Again, while you might not have any professional teaching experience, one crucial way you to ensure you find a great opportunity is by taking a reputable TEFL certification course. Next steps for finding a teaching job overseas without experience. You can absolutely find an opportunity to teach abroad without any teaching experience, travel the world, and get paid well while doing it! Countries and schools that are hiring English teachers are hiring you because you already speak English, not because you have decades of teaching experience. Of course, that doesn’t mean you don’t want to be prepared to actually teach the language you know so well. That said, if you’re looking to gain some teaching experience before committing to a teaching contract abroad, then there are definitely great opportunities to teach English online. Teaching English online is a great way to earn some extra cash in your spare time, all while gaining some relevant experience teaching English in other countries without actually having to fly there! Recommended reading: Want to teach abroad? Try teaching English online first. Or, you could always check out local postings where you live now. There are a lot of opportunities available to someone who speaks English and has a TEFL certification right near their home. Just check out local tutoring centers or services offered to those learning English as a second language. This is a great way to build your experience and find out if you’re ready for the classroom abroad! So, long story short, you don’t need teaching experience to get a job teaching abroad. But the more training and experience you have, the better your teaching contract will be. As a next step, try asking yourself these questions: What experiences do I have that would be relevant to teaching abroad? Have I traveled before? Where do I want to teach abroad? Am I ready to teach English abroad? Do I want to teach adults or children? Asking yourself questions like these will help you determine what opportunity you’re looking for and what you have to offer as a potential candidate in the TEFL industry without prior teaching experience. If you’re passionate about traveling and experiencing different cultures, then teaching English abroad is a great way to do just that, while funding your living expenses. And it’s really not as much work as you might think, we promise. It’s time to stop making excuses and take the first step. To help get started, check out some of Teach Away’s current ESL job postings - no experience necessary. Good luck!

First Tutors now listing online tutors

First Tutors now listing online tutors We have recently found there to be increasing demand for online tuition using freely available Internet technology as an enabler to remote learning. For some subjects this will work particularly well, e.g. languages where the tutee may require substantial oral work or help in a more piecewise fashion, alleviating travel requirements. We now list online tutors for all requests where we do not find a full compliment of local tutors so as to give parents and tutees the best possible choice of tutor. If you are a tutor with us, and wish to offer your services via online means simply log in to your members area, visit the 'Tutoring Details' section and update your preferences (near the bottom). Requests will still work in an identical way to contacting local tutors with the exact same terms and conditions applying to everyone. Once you have found an online tutor and finalised your relationship you'll need a platform to use for the lessons. There are many options here, but we would recommend Skype for this purpose because it is totally free and supports most computer / hardware combinations and allows you to talk, send instant messages and transfer files without impacting your phone bill! You can even add advanced features such as interactive whiteboards should you wish to. We welcome your feedback on this implementation, if you have any comments or suggestions please do let us know. For example, perhaps tutors would like the freedom to offer online tuition on a per subject basis? Or perhaps tutees would like to be able to order their online tutor results? or to view more than 10 online tutors at a time? We welcome and value your feedback, so do get in touch if you have a suggestion!

ACT Tutor in Boston, MA

SAT/ACT Tutor in Boston, MA Meet our new  Tutor Benjamin H.  He lives in Boston, MA and specializes in  Test Prep: ACT English, ACT Math, ACT Reading, ACT Science, PSAT, SAT I, SAT Math, SAT Reading, SAT Writing. To make sure that  he understands the SAT and ACT better than any other tutor, Benjamin spent the last two years learning the other end of the test. Benjamin worked as a practice test writer for multiple testing agencies, wrote tutoring curriculum for various tutoring companies, and completed practice tests for both the SAT and ACT every month to stay sharp. His  students consistently have an unparalleled understanding of how to master their test of choice because they learn to approach the test with the mindset of a test writer. Benjamin is currently pursuing degrees in Government and Economics at Harvard University. Benjamin has received more than two million dollars in scholarship offers to study at a dozen different universities such as Cornell, Johns Hopkins, the University of Chicago, UC Berkeley, UCLA, etc.  His test scores allowed him  to attend  his dream school  he tutors to make sure that  his students can do the same. Benjamin is also an internationally awarded speaker and debater: he has received speaking awards from institutions such as Stanford University and UC Berkeley and traveled as far as South Korea for competitions. His primary goal is to help students adapt the information they already know and skills they already have to efficiently push past any problem.  And his teaching method is fundamentally different from the way a student is used to learning in school. Many of  his students make substantial leaps within a single session with  Benjamin because of the personalized strategies  he teaches. One student tripled  his ACT reading speed within a call while another improved his SAT grammar score by 220 points after two hours of work. All of  his students in the last two years have gone on to attend one of their 3 top choice universities. Dont wait!  Contact us  if you want to understand and retain the difficult  concepts that youll need for your tests.

Thats Intense! 6 High-rolling Intensive Language Courses

Thats Intense! 6 High-rolling Intensive Language Courses 6 High-rolling Intensive Language Courses Sometimes you have to play with the cards youve been dealt.All you can do is go with the flow and hope to make the best of the situation.This is true for learning a language and many other things in life.But when you get the right hand, its time to go all in.In language learning, taking an intensive language course is your all in option.Intensive courses focus on teaching you a lot in a minimal amount of time.These programs frequently apply language immersion  techniques to get you the maximum dose of language learning possible in the time allotted.Many of these courses are ones you attend in person.However, if online language courses  are more up your alley, some of the  best online language courses  and  language immersion software  can also be used for  language immersion at homeâ€"and these tend to be cheaper.The nice thing about intensive learning courses is that you dont have to spend big bucks to get a huge amount out of them, and if you show up and do the work, they arent eve n that much of a gamble.So if youre looking to stack the deck for better language learning, check out the intensive language courses below! Why Take an Intensive Language Course?One of the top reasons to take an intensive language course is that it will often  immerse you in the language. Immersion is a popular and useful technique that involves surrounding yourself with the language youre studying. In language learning, its highly coveted for its effectiveness, so you might consider using an intensive language course for its powers of immersion.Plus, intensive language courses can yield quick results.  Since they give you a heavy dose of language learning, you can often learn more quickly than you can with less intensive courses.Another great benefit is that you can use an intensive language course to catch up or surge ahead in your language education. If youve fallen behind in your coursework or simply want to leave your classmates in the dust, an intensive language course can h elp propel you to your desired level.Conveniently enough, intensive language courses also often fit comfortably into school breaks. If youre currently in school, you might be able to go back after break with new language skills.6 High-rolling Intensive Language CoursesOnlineOne great thing about taking the online option for intensive courses is that you can typically start anytime. All three of the courses below are ones you can leap into right now.As in-person courses often require planning ahead (with application deadlines, fees and other official business) you may want to start out with an online intensive course and then consider planning for one of the in-person courses below within the next year or so. This will give you a chance to get a jump on intensive learning and reach fully fluency faster.MemriseIf youre looking for an intensive learning option you can enjoy from your computer or favorite mobile device, Memrise has your back.Thats because you can use Memrises 200+ cours es online or through its apps.Since Memrise is tailored to you, you can set your own learning goals, meaning you can choose to make Memrise an intensive experience. Theres plenty of learning content by expert linguists to help fuel your learning fire.Memrise offers a leveled experience in which you can progress at your own rate, learning more vocabulary as you go. However, to make the experience more intensive, Memrise also includes chatbots, games and over 30,000 videos featuring native speakers that you can use to round out your education experience. You can even record yourself and compare your pronunciation side-by-side with that of a native speaker.Intensive learning usually requires a greater time commitment, but Memrises offline mode for its  iOS  and  Android  apps will make it easier to fit in all your study time.Memrise offers a nice array of language options, including Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Brazilian and European Portuguese, Russian, Castilian and Mexican Spanish, and some less common options like Icelandic and Mongolian.FluentUIf you want a flexible learning option that can be just as intensive or as casual as you want, FluentU is a fun and engaging choice.FluentU makes it possible to learn languages from music videos, commercials, news, inspiring talks and more.With FluentU, you hear languages in real-world contextsâ€"the way that native speakers actually use them. Just a quick look will give you an idea of the variety of FluentU videos on offer:FluentU really takes the grunt work out of learning languages, leaving you with nothing but engaging, effective and efficient learning. It’s already hand-picked the best videos for you and organized them by level and topic. All you have to do is choose any video that strikes your fancy to get started!Each word in the interactive captions comes with a definition, audio, image, example sentences and more.Access a complete interactive transcript of every video under the Dialogue tab, and easily review words and phrases from the video under Vocab.You can use FluentU’s unique adaptive quizzes to learn the vocabulary and phrases from the video through fun questions and exercises. Just swipe left or right to see more examples of the word youre studying.The program even keeps track of what you’re learning and tells you exactly when it’s time for review, giving you a 100% personalized experience.FluentU is currently available for nine popular languages: Chinese, English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Russian and Spanish, with more on the way.Start using FluentU on the website with your computer or tablet or, better yet, download the FluentU app from the iTunes store or Google Play store.Living LanguageLiving Language is one of the more intensive online language learning options available.  It aims to teach learners practical language skills and get them speaking immediately.The program uses a building block approach to teach you to pu t words into sentences and then turn sentences into conversations, all while reinforcing and building on what youve already learned.Living Language also focuses on retention by using multiple senses, such as through written material, audio and interactive practice. When used regularly, this sort of comprehensive language course can be intensive.Plus, Living Language also offers specialty courses focused specifically on business, other fields (like law enforcement and healthcare) and travel.There are over 20 languages available, including popular options like Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish. However, there are also less common offerings, like Swahili, Tagalog and even Dothraki.In-personIf youve just started college and think you might want to supplement your regular schoolwork with additional education during breaks, nows a great time to start considering the programs below. But dont worry, these resources include a wide range of options that expand far beyond your typical college-age experience.Middlebury Language SchoolsWhen it comes to intensive language learning, Middlebury is a big name and with good reasonâ€"Middlebury Language Schools have offered intensive programs for over 100 years.These programs employ complete, 24/7 immersion. In fact, they have a language pledge in which you agree to communicate exclusively in your target language for the duration of the program.The programs include coursework in addition to co-curricular cultural activities to provide even greater immersion.One particularly unique feature of Middlebury Language Schools is that they offers programs specifically for graduate students, giving you more specialized language education.Middlebury Language Schools immersion programs are offered on their Vermont campus during the summer and range from one-week refresher courses to eight-week-long programs. There are offerings for beginning through advanced language studen ts studying Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish.SprachcaffeIf youd like to combine your intensive language course with some international travel, Sprachcaffe might be the program youre looking for.Sprachcaffe courses last for a minimum of one week. The programs offer six lessons a day, totaling over 22 hours of weekly instructional time. But if thats not hardcore enough for you, Sprachcaffe also has  super intensive  language courses that offer eight lessons a day and over 30 hours of instruction per week.There are programs available for beginning through advanced learners, and courses run year-round.Sprachcaffe offers Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German and Italian.Most courses are offered in locations where the target language is widely spoken. For instance, you might study Spanish in Cuba, Mexico or Spain. Would you rather learn Chinese? Give it a go in the hustle and bustle of Beijing. This is a helpful way to keep yourself immersed in the language during any downtime from the course itself.Berkeley Summer SessionsLooking to shave some time off your busy school schedule? Berkeley Summer Sessions can help you cram a semester or years worth of language classes into one summer.Berkley Summer Sessions offers language classes for beginning and intermediate language students on its campus in California.Courses tend to be 8-10 weeks long and cover essential reading, writing, listening and speaking skills. The 8-week long courses tend to have four hours of class each weekday, while the 10-week programs usually have three hours of class each weekday.Course descriptions also list the equivalent course offered during the school year. If youre hoping to get college credit, a transfer specialist at your school might be able to use this information to see if and/or how your credits can transfer.Berkley Summer Sessions offers intensive programs for Arabic, Chinese, Filipino, French, German, Greek, Itali an, Japanese, Korean, Latin and Spanish.These intensive language courses might just be the ace up your sleeve you need to propel you towards fluency.

Chapter 3 - Chemistry Matter and Change - Chloroplasts

Chapter 3 - Chemistry Matter and Change - ChloroplastsChapter three of Chemistry Matter and Change looks at the role of chloroplasts in this book. The relationship between chemistry and biology is something that we are all taught at school. Chemists learn that the building blocks of matter have chemical units that fit together in specific ways. While these units have a natural order, there is an inherent relationship that exists between them.Chloroplasts are examples of organic molecules that occur naturally in plants. They play a significant role in the biological system by providing the raw material that plants use to produce organic compounds that plants use to build tissues, bones, hair, and skin. For plants, chloroplasts play a role that is similar to that of cells within our bodies, providing the raw material necessary for a cellular function.As mentioned above, chloroplasts play a role similar to that of the mitochondria found in the cell nucleus. In fact, mitochondria play a similar role in our body, but they do not require chloroplasts to survive.Chloroplasts supply nutrients to the plant. Chloroplasts are located in the outer parts of the leaf where light is available to photosynthesis. The energy from sunlight provides the power needed to help the chloroplasts perform their normal role of carrying nutrients.Chloroplasts also play a role that we can think of as being somewhat analogous to that of a skeleton within the body. They provide mechanical support and aid in the circulation of nutrients through the leaves.As chloroplasts work on behalf of the chlorophyll molecules that they carry around the leaf, they take in minerals that are needed to facilitate the survival of the plant. By taking in food, the chloroplasts help makeup for the loss of certain minerals from the leaves that are not used to provide the needs of the plant.In this chapter, we've seen the relationship between chemistry and biology. Chloroplasts form the basis of a cell, both in pl ants and in our own bodies. We've also discussed the role of chloroplasts in a human body.